Nucleic acids and polypeptides related to a guanine exchange factor of Rho GTPase

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to all aspects of a guanine exchange factor (GEF), for example, a Rho-GEF, such as p115 Rho-GEF. A GEF modulates cell signaling pathways, both in in vitro and in vivo, by modulating the activity of a GTPase. By way of illustration, a p115 Rho-GEF, which modulates the activity of a Rho GTPase, is described. However, the present invention relates to other GEFs, especially other Rho-GEFs. The present invention particularly relates to an isolated p115 Rho-GEF polypeptide or fragments of it, a nucleic acid coding for p115 Rho-GEF or fragments of it, and derivatives of the polypeptide and nucleic acid. The invention also relates to methods of using such polypeptides, nucleic acids, or derivatives thereof, e.g., in therapeutics, diagnostics, and as research tools. Another aspect of the present invention involves antibodies and other ligands which recognize p115 Rho-GEF, regulators of p115 Rho-GEF activity, and methods of treating pathological conditions associated or related to a Rho GTPase.

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/943,768, filed Oct. 6, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,238,881 which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/029,979, filed Nov. 6, 1996.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Members of the Ras superfamily regulate diverse signalling pathways. The prototype of this family, Ras, is involved in regulating cell growth and differentiation (1). The Rho subfamily (Rho, Rac, Cdc42) are also involved in regulating cell growth as well as controlling the formation of focal contacts and alterations in the actin cytoskeleton which occur upon growth factor stimulation (2,3,4,5,6,7). Common to all Ras family members is their ability to cycle between inactive (GDP bound) and active (GTP bound) states. In this regard, these GTPases act as molecular switches, capable of processing information and then disseminating that information to control a specific pathway.

This property of cycling between GTP and GDP states has provided a means to identify and purify proteins which regulate the nucleotide state of Ras and Ras-related GTPases (1). By monitoring the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP, GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) have been characterized for many members of the Ras family (1,8,9). Guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (GDIs) were identified based on their ability to inhibit the dissociation of GDP. It has subsequently been determined that they also bind to the GTP state, inhibiting the intrinsic and GAP stimulated GTP hydrolysis (1). In general, GAPs and effectors have a high affinity for the GTP-bound state, while GDI proteins bind most tightly to the GDP-bound state. These properties have been exploited to purify effectors for Cdc42Hs (10,11,12), Ras (13,14) and Rho (15,16). An affinity approach has also been employed with Cdc42Hs-GTP and has led to the characterization of IQGAP1, a potential mediator for observed cytoskeletal events induced by Cdc42 (17).

A modification of this affinity approach can also be used to identify and purify guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). GEFs can be distinguished from other regulatory proteins by their ability to interact preferentially with the nucleotide-depleted state of G-proteins (18,19). By stimulating the dissociation of GDP and subsequent binding of GTP, GEFs play an important role in the activation of Ras-like proteins. For example, Ras is converted to its GTP-bound form by the growth-factor stimulated translocation of Sos, a Ras-specific GEF (20). The characterization of GEFs that specifically activate Rho family members will help elucidate signalling pathways in which these GTPases participate. By incubating lysates with nucleotide-depleted Rho, we have purified a Rho specific GEF and isolated a cDNA coding for the 115 kDa protein, which is homologous to the dbl (21) and lbc oncogenes (22).

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to all aspects of a guanine exchange factor (GEF), in particular, a Rho-GEF, such as p115 Rho-GEF. A GEF modulates cell signaling pathways, both in vitro and in vivo, by modulating the activity of a GTPase. By way of illustration, a p115 Rho-GEF, which modulates the activity of a RhoA GTPase, is described. However, the present invention relates to other GEFs, especially other Rho-GEFs. The present invention particularly relates to an isolated p115 Rho-GEF polypeptide or fragments of it, a nucleic acid coding for p115 Rho-GEF or fragments of it, and derivatives of the polypeptide and nucleic acid. The invention also relates to methods of using such polypeptides, nucleic acids, or derivatives thereof, e.g., in therapeutics, diagnostics, and as research tools. Another aspect of the present invention involves antibodies and other ligands which recognize p115 Rho-GEF, regulators of p115 Rho-GEF activity and other GEFs, and methods of treating pathological conditions associated or related to a Rho GTPase. The invention also relates to methods of testing for and/or identifying agents which regulate GEF by measuring their effect on GEF activity, e.g., in binding to a GTPase and/or nucleotide exchange activity.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the complete nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) and deduced amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2) for a polypeptide encoded for by a human p115 GEF-Rho gene.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention, a novel polypeptide and nucleic acid coding for a p115 Rho-GEF has been identified and isolated. As used herein, p115 Rho-GEF means a polypeptide, or a nucleic acid coding for a p115 Rho-GEF polypeptide, which polypeptide has a specific binding affinity for a guanine nucleotide-depleted state of G-proteins (in particular RhoA), a guanine nucleotide exchange activity, an oncogenic transforming activity, and an immunogenic activity. By specific binding affinity, it is meant that the polypeptide has a binding preference for the nucleotide-depleted state of the G-protein, in contrast, e.g., to the GDP- or GTP-bound state of the G-protein which is preferentially bound by other regulatory proteins. By guanine nucleotide exchange activity, it is meant that the polypeptide stimulates or catalyzes the dissociation of GDP from a G-protein, such as Rho, and subsequent binding of GTP. By cellular oncogenic transforming activity, it is meant that introduction of a nucleic acid coding for p115 Rho-GEF into a cell line, e.g., NIH 3T3 cells, confers a transformed phenotype on such cells. A transformed phenotype can be measured by foci formation, e.g., as characterized and described by Eva and Aaronson, Nature, 316:273-276, 1985. Immunogenic activity means that the polypeptide binds to p115 Rho-GEF specific antibodies or is capable of eliciting an immune response specific for a p115 Rho-GEF. Immunogenic activities are discussed below. The above-mentioned activities of a p115 Rho-GEF polypeptide can be assayed, e.g., as described below in the examples or according to methods which the skilled worker would know. A p115 Rho-GEF polypeptide, or corresponding nucleic acid coding for it, means a polypeptide which can be isolated from a natural source. It therefore includes naturally-occurring normal and mutant alleles. Natural sources include, e.g., living cells obtained from tissues and whole organisms, and cultured cell lines.

A human p115 Rho-GEF has an approximate molecular weight of 115 kilodaltons and contains 912 amino acids as set forth in FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO: 2). It, or its corresponding gene, can be isolated from natural sources. Characterization of a human p115 Rho-GEF is described below and in the examples.

The present invention also relates to polypeptide fragments of p115 Rho-GEF. The fragments are preferably biologically-active. By biologically-active, it is meant that the polypeptide fragment possesses an activity in a living system or with components of a living system. Biological-activities include: a specific binding affinity for a guanine nucleotide-depleted state of G-proteins, in particular RhoA, a guanine nucleotide exchange activity, an oncogenic transforming activity, an immunogenic activity, modulating the binding between a Rho-GEF and a Rho GTPase, or acting as an agonist or antagonist of Rho GTPase activity. Such activities can be assayed routinely, e.g., according to the methods described above and below. Various fragments can be prepared. For example, a polypeptide (ΔN-p115) having amino acid 249 to 912 as set forth in FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO: 2) has a specific binding affinity for a guanine nucleotide depleted Rho, a guanine nucleotide exchange activity, a cellular transforming activity, and an immunogenic activity. See examples below for further discussion. Fragments can also be selected in which one or more of the mentioned activities are eliminated or altered when compared to p115 Rho-GEF. As described in the examples, such fragments can be prepared routinely, e.g., by recombinant means or by proteolytic cleavage of isolated polypeptides, and then assayed for a desired activity. Table 1 below shows oncogenic transforming activity associated with various fragments of p115 Rho-GEF. As illustrated below, deletion of the N-terminal 1-82 amino acids of p115 Rho-GEF to form a polypeptide having amino acids 83-912 of FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO: 2) eliminates transforming activity. On the other hand, a larger deletion (249-912) restores transforming activity (ΔN-p115). In another fragment (ΔN-p115 Δc) having amino acids N-terminal and C-terminal amino acids deleted, transforming activity was increased in comparison to other fragments. The mentioned N- and C-terminal truncations, however, do not substantially effect the guanine nucleotide exchange activity.

The present invention also relates to a human p115 Rho-GEF specific amino acid sequence selected from the sequence of amino acid 1 to 912 as set forth in FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO: 2). A clone having such sequence has been deposited on Sep. 10, 1996 at the ATCC as No. 98164. A p115 Rho-GEF specific amino acid sequence means a defined amino acid sequence which is found in the recited p115 Rho-GEF sequence but not in another amino acid sequence. A specific amino acid sequence can be found routinely, e.g., by searching a gene/protein database using the BLAST set of computer programs. Such specific sequences include, e.g., amino acid 803-912. A p115 Rho-GEF specific amino acid sequence can be useful to produce peptides as antigens to generate an immune response specific for p115 Rho-GEF. Antibodies obtained by such immunization can be used as a specific probe for the p115 Rho-GEF protein for diagnostic or research purposes. Such peptides can also be used to inhibit the p115 Rho-GEF binding to Rho to modulate pathological conditions in cells.

A polypeptide of the invention, e.g., having a polypeptide sequence as shown in FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO: 2), can by analyzed by available methods to identify structural and/or functional domains in the polypeptide. For example, when the polypeptide coding sequence set forth in FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO: 2) is analyzed by computer algorithms, a continuous coding sequence comprising the following domains is identified: Collagen-like coiled coil, amino acid 1 to 410; Dbl homology domain, amino acid 420 to 637; pleckstrin homology domain, amino acid 646 to 762. Various programs can be employed to analyze structure of the polypeptide, including, EMBL Protein Predict; Rost and Sander, Proteins, 19:55-72, 1994; Kyte and Doolittle, J. Mol. Bio.: 157:105, 1982.

A polypeptide of the present invention can also have 100% or less amino acid sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2. For the purposes of the following discussion: Sequence identity means that the same nucleotide or amino acid which is found in the sequence set forth in FIG. 1. (SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 2) is found at the corresponding position of the compared sequence(s). A polypeptide having less than 100% sequence identify to the amino acid sequence set forth in FIG. 1 can be substituted in various ways, e.g., by a conservative amino acid. See below for examples of conservative amino acid substitution. The sum of the identical and conserved residues divided by the total number of residues in the sequence over which the p115 Rho-GEF polypeptide is compared is equal to the percent sequence similarity. For purposes of calculating sequence identity and similarity, the compared sequences can be aligned and calculated according to any desired method, algorithm, computer program, etc., including, e.g., FASTA, BLASTA. A polypeptide having less than 100% amino acid sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO: 2) can comprise e.g., about 60, 65, more preferably, 67, 70, 78, 80, 90, 92, 96, 99, etc.

A p115 GEF polypeptide, fragment, or substituted p115 GEF polypeptide can also comprise various modifications, where such modifications include glycosylation, covalent modifications (e.g., of an R-group of an amino acid), amino acid substitution, amino acid deletion, or amino acid addition. Modifications to the polypeptide can be accomplished according to various methods, including recombinant, synthetic, chemical, etc.

A mutation to a p115 Rho-GEF polypeptide can be selected to have a biological activity of p115 Rho-GEF, e.g., a specific binding affinity for a guanine nucleotide-depleted state of G-proteins, in particular RhoA, a guanine nucleotide exchange activity, an oncogenic transforming activity, and an immunogenic activity. The selection and preparation of mutations of p115 Rho-GEF is discussed below.

Polypeptides of the present invention (e.g., p115 Rho-GEF, fragments thereto, mutations thereof) can be used in various ways, e.g., as immunogens for antibodies as described below, as biologically-active agents (e.g., having one or more of the activities associated with p115 Rho-GEF), as inhibitors of p115 Rho-GEF. For example, upon binding of p115 Rho-GEF to Rho, a cascade of events is initiated in the cell, e.g., promoting cell proliferation and/or cytoskeletal rearrangements. The interaction between Rho-GEF and Rho can be modulated by using a peptide fragment of p115 Rho-GEF, e.g., a peptide fragment which is an inhibitor at the site where p115 Rho-GEF interacts (e.g., binds) to Rho. Such a fragment can be useful for modulating pathological conditions associated with the Rho signaling pathway. A useful fragment can be identified routinely by testing the ability of overlapping fragments of the entire length of p115 Rho-GEF to inhibit a p115 Rho-GEF activity, such as guanine nucleotide exchange activity, binding to a guanine nucleotide depleted state of Rho, and oncogenic transforming activity. The measurement of these activities is described below and in the examples. These peptides can also be identified and prepared as described in EP 496 162. Peptides can be chemically-modified, etc.

A polypeptide coding for a p115 Rho-GEF polypeptide, or a derivative or fragment thereof, can be combined with one or more structural domains, functional domains, detectable domains, antigenic domains, and/or a desired polypeptides of interest, in an arrangement which does not occur in nature, i.e., not naturally-occurring, e.g., as in a normal p115 Rho-GEF gene, a genomic fragment prepared from the genome of a living organism, e.g., an animal, preferably a mammal, such as human, mouse, or cell lines thereof. A polypeptide comprising such features is a chimeric or fusion polypeptide. Such a chimeric polypeptide can be prepared according to various methods, including, chemical, synthetic, quasi-synthetic, and/or recombinant methods. Achimeric nucleic acid coding for a chimeric polypeptide can contain the various domains or desired polypeptides in a continuous or interrupted open reading frame, e.g., containing introns, splice sites, enhancers, etc. Thechimeric nucleic acid can be produced according to various methods. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,439,819. Adomain or desired polypeptide can possess any desired property, including, a biological function such as catalytic, signalling, growth promoting, cellular targeting, etc., a structural function such as hydrophobic, hydrophilic, membrane-spanning, etc., receptor-ligand functions, and/or detectable functions, e.g., combined with enzyme, fluorescent polypeptide, green fluorescent protein GFP (Chalfie et al., 1994, Science, 263:802; Cheng et al., 1996, Nature Biotechnology, 14:606; Levy et al., 1996, Nature Biotechnology, 14:610, etc. In addition, a p115 Rho-GEF nucleic acid, or a part of it, can be used as selectable marker when introduced into a host cell. For example, a nucleic acid coding for an amino acid sequence according to the present invention can be fused in-frame to a desired coding sequence and act as a tag for purification, selection, or marking purposes. The region of fusion encodes a cleavage site.

A polypeptide according to the present invention can be produced in an expression system, e.g., in vivo, in vitro, cell-free, recombinant, cell fusion, etc., according to the present invention. Modifications to the polypeptide imparted by such system include, glycosylation, amino acid substitution (e.g., by differing codon usage), polypeptide processing such as digestion, cleavage, endopeptidase or exopeptidase activity, attachment of chemical moieties, including lipids, phosphates, etc. For example, some cell lines can remove the terminal methionine from an expressed polypeptide.

A polypeptide according to the present invention can be recovered from natural sources, transformed host cells (culture medium or cells) according to the usual methods, including, ammonium sulfate or ethanol precipitation, acid extraction, anion or cation exchange chromatography, phosphocellulose chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, hydroxyapatite chromatography and lectin chromatography. It may be useful to have low concentrations (approximately 0.1-5 mM) of calcium ion present during purification (Price, et al., J. Biol. Chem., 244:917 (1969)). Protein refolding steps can be used, as necessary, in completing the configuration of the mature protein. Finally, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) can be employed for final purification steps.

In accordance with the present invention, a nucleic acid coding for a p115 Rho-GEF can comprise, e.g., the complete coding sequence from amino acid 1 to amino acid 912 as set forth in FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO: 1). A nucleic acid according to the present invention can also comprise a nucleotide sequence which is 100% complementary, e.g., an anti-sense, to any nucleotide sequence mentioned above and below.

A nucleic acid according to the present invention can be obtained from a variety of different sources. It can be obtained from DNA or RNA, such as polyadenylated mRNA, e.g., isolated from tissues, cells, or whole organism. The nucleic acid can be obtained directly from DNA or RNA, or from a cDNA library. The nucleic acid can be obtained from a cell at a particular stage of development, having a desired genotype, phenotype (e.g., an oncogenically transformed cell or a cancerous cell), etc.

A nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence coding for a polypeptide according to the present invention can include only coding sequence of p115 Rho-GEF; coding sequence of p115 Rho-GEF and additional coding sequence (e.g., sequences coding for leader, secretory, targeting, enzymatic, fluorescent or other diagnostic peptides), coding sequence of p115 Rho-GEF and non-coding sequences, e.g., untranslated sequences at either a 5′ or 3′ end, or dispersed in the coding sequence, e.g., introns. A nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence coding without interruption for a p115 Rho-GEF polypeptide means that the nucleotide sequence contains an amino acid coding sequence for a p115 Rho-GEF polypeptide, with no non-coding nucleotides interrupting or intervening in the coding sequence, e.g., absent intron(s). Such a nucleotide sequence can also be described as contiguous.

A nucleic acid according to the present invention also can comprise an expression control sequence operably linked to a nucleic acid as described above. The phrase “expression control sequence” means a nucleic acid sequence which regulates expression of a polypeptide coded for by a nucleic acid to which it is operably linked. Expression can be regulated at the level of the mRNA or polypeptide. Thus, the expression control sequence includes mRNA-related elements and protein-related elements. Such elements include promoters, enhancers (viral or cellular), ribosome binding sequences, transcriptional terminators, etc. An expression control sequence is operably linked to a nucleotide coding sequence when the expression control sequence is positioned in such a manner to effect or achieve expression of the coding sequence. For example, when a promoter is operably linked 5′ to a coding sequence, expression of the coding sequence is driven by the promoter. Expression control sequences can be heterologous or endogenous to the normal gene.

A nucleic acid in accordance with the present invention can be selected on the basis of nucleic acid hybridization. The ability of two single-stranded nucleic acid preparations to hybridize together is a measure of their nucleotide sequence complementarity, e.g., base-pairing between nucleotides, such as A-T, G-C, etc. The invention thus also relates to nucleic acids which hybridize to a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence as set forth in FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO: 1). A nucleotide sequence hybridizing to the latter sequence will have a complementary nucleic acid strand, or act as a template for one in the presence of a polymerase (i.e., an appropriate nucleic acid synthesizing enzyme). The present invention includes both strands of nucleic acid, e.g., a sense strand and an anti-sense strand.

Hybridization conditions can be chosen to select nucleic acids which have a desired amount of nucleotide complementarity with the nucleotide sequence set forth in FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO: 1). A nucleic acid capable of hybridizing to such sequence, preferably, possesses 50%, more preferably, 70% complementarity, between the sequences. The present invention particularly relates to DNA sequences which hybridize to the nucleotide sequence set forth in FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) under stringent conditions. As used here, “stringent conditions” means any conditions in which hybridization will occur where there is at least about 95%, preferably 97%, nucleotide complementarity between the nucleic acids. Such conditions include, e.g., hybridization for Northern: 5×SSPE, 10×Denhardts solution, 100 μg/ml freshly denatured and sheared salmon sperm DNA, 50% formamide, 2% SDS at 42° C.; hybridization for cloning from cDNA library: 1×PAM, 0.1% SDS, 50% formamide at 42° C. The present invention thus also relates to a nucleic acid of about 7 kb expressed in, e.g., heart, brain, placenta, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney, pancreas, spleen, thymus, prostate, testis, ovary, small intestine, colon, and peripheral blood leukocytes. It also relates to a nucleic acid of about 7.3 kb expressed in, e.g., heart and skeletal muscle but not in the other above-mentioned tissues.

According to the present invention, a nucleic acid or polypeptide can comprise one or more differences in the nucleotide or amino acid sequence set forth in FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 2). Changes or modifications to the nucleotide and/or amino acid sequence can be accomplished by any method available, including directed or random mutagenesis.

A nucleic acid coding for a p115 Rho-GEF according to the invention can comprise nucleotides which occur in a naturally-occurring p115 Rho-GEF gene e.g., naturally-occurring polymorphisms, normal or mutant alleles (nucleotide or amino acid), mutations which are discovered in a natural population of mammals, such as humans, monkeys, pigs, mice, rats, or rabbits. By the term naturally-occurring, it is meant that the nucleic acid is obtained from a natural source, e.g., animal tissue and cells, body fluids, tissue culture cells, forensic samples. Naturally-occurring mutations to p115 Rho-GEF can include deletions (e.g., a truncated amino- or carboxy-terminus), substitutions, or additions of nucleotide sequence. These genes can be detected and isolated by nucleic acid hybridization according to methods which one skilled in the art would know. It is recognized that, in analogy to other oncogenes, naturally-occurring variants of p115 Rho-GEF include deletions, substitutions, and additions which produce pathological conditions in the host cell and organism.

A nucleotide sequence coding for a p115 Rho-GEF polypeptide of the invention can contain codons found in a naturally-occurring gene, transcript, or cDNA, for example, e.g., as set forth in FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO: 1), or it can contain degenerate codons coding for the same amino acid sequences.

In addition, a nucleic acid or polypeptide of the present invention can be obtained from any desired mammalian organism, but also non-mammalian organisms. Homologs from mammalian and non-mammalian organisms can be obtained according to various methods. For example, hybridization with an oligonucleotide (see below) selective for p115 Rho-GEF can be employed to select such homologs, e.g., as described in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, 1989, Chapter 11.

SAS06 X SAS13: GAGTCTCTCTGCACCCTCTG (SEQ ID NO:3) CACGTCTCCGATCTCCTCGA (SEQ ID NO:4) MH185 X SAS11: GGAACCGGCGGACG (SEQ ID NO:5) AAGATGTTCTGCAGCTCCTC. (SEQ ID NO:6)

Such homologs can have varying amounts of nucleotide and amino acid sequence identity and similarity to p115 Rho-GEF. Non-mammalian organisms include, e.g., vertebrates, invertebrates, zebra fish, chicken, Drosophila, yeasts (such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae), C. elegans, roundworms, prokaryotes, plants, Arabidopsis, viruses, etc.

Modifications to a p115 Rho-GEF sequence, e.g., mutations, can also be prepared based on homology searching from gene data banks, e.g., Genbank, EMBL. Sequence homology searching can be accomplished using various methods, including algorithms described in the BLAST family of computer programs, the Smith-Waterman algorithm, etc. For example, conserved amino acids can be identified between various sequences, Dbl, lbc, Ost, 1sc, CDC24, etc. See, e.g., Touhara et al., J. Biol. Chem., 269:10217-10220, 1994; Toksoz and Williams, Oncogene, 9:621-628, 1994; Whitehead et al., J. Biol. Chem., 271:18643-18650, 1996. A mutation(s) can then be introduced into a p115 Rho-GEF sequence by identifying and aligning amino acids conserved between the polypeptides and then modifying an amino acid in a conserved or non-conserved position. A mutated p115 Rho-GEF gene can comprise conserved or nonconserved amino acids, e.g., between corresponding regions of homologous nucleic acids, especially between Dbl homology (DH) and pleckstrin homology domains, etc. For example, a mutated sequence can comprise conserved or non-conserved residues from any number of homologous sequences as mentioned-above and/or determined from an appropriate searching algorithm.

Mutations can be made in specific regions of nucleic acid coding for the p115 Rho-GEF polypeptide, e.g., in the dbl homology domain, e.g., amino acid 420-637, or the pleckstrin homology domain, e.g., amino acid 646-762, such as replacing it, changing amino acid sequences within it, etc., to analyze a function (e.g., oncogenic transformation, binding to a G-protein, guanine nucleotide exchange) of the polypeptide coded for by the nucleic acid. For example, deletion of the pleckstrin domain from amino acid 646 to amino acid 762 results in the loss of oncogenic transforming activity. The pleckstrin domain can also be involved with lipid (e.g., phosphoinositides) binding, binding to Rho, activation of the guanine nucleotide exchange activity, and localization of the polypeptide in the cell. Thus, this region can be mutagenized according to various methods and then assayed for loss or gain of the mentioned functions. The DH domain is involved with promoting GDP dissociation from the Rho GTPase. Thus, substitutions or deletions within this region can be prepared and assayed routinely for loss or gain of function. A mutation can be made in these or other regions of p115 Rho-GEF which affect its phosphorylation or protein/lipid interaction leading to its modulation of the growth signaling pathway. Such a mutated gene can be useful in various ways: for diagnosis in patients having such a mutation, to introduce into cells or animals (transgenic) as a model for a pathological condition. Mutations which affect both GEF activity and transforming activity can be analogous to those made in DH domain of the Dbl oncogene as described in Hart et al., J. Biol. Chem., 269:62-65. In addition, other mutations to p115-RhoGEF include:

LLQSIG 560-566, conservative substitution; VRDMEDLLRL 606-615, Deletion; and CCREILH 594-600, Deletion.

An inactivating mutation could comprise an alteration to the tryptophan located at residue 751 of p115-RhoGEF. Since this residue is highly conserved among many PH domain containing proteins, altering this residue could, e.g., cause improper folding, impairing its function. This mutation would inhibit the transforming activity of p115-RhoGEF, but not effect the GEF activity of p115-RhoGEF.

A nucleic acid and corresponding polypeptide of the present invention include sequences which differ from the nucleotide sequence of FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) but which are phenotypically silent. These sequence modifications include, e.g., nucleotide substitution which do not affect the amino acid sequence (e.g., different codons for the same amino acid), replacing naturally-occurring amino acids with homologous or conservative amino acids, e.g., (based on the size of the side chain and degree of polarization) small nonpolar: cysteine, proline, alanine, threonine; small polar: serine, glycine, aspartate, asparagine; large polar: glutamate, glutamine, lysine, arginine; intermediate polarity: tyrosine, histidine, tryptophan; large nonpolar: phenylalanine, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, valine. Such conservative substitutions also include those described by Dayhoff in the Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure 5 (1978), and by Argos in EMBO J., 8, 779-785 (1989).

A nucleic acid can comprise a nucleotide sequence coding for a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, except where one or more positions are substituted by conservative amino acids; or a nucleotide sequence coding for a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, except having 1, 5, 10, 15, or 20 substitutions, e.g., wherein the substitutions are conservative amino acids. The invention also relates to polypeptides coded for by such nucleic acids. In addition, it may be desired to change the codons in the sequence to optimize the sequence for expression in a desired host.

A nucleic acid according to the present invention can comprise, e.g., DNA, RNA, synthetic nucleic acid, peptide nucleic acid, modified nucleotides, or mixtures. A DNA can be double- or single-stranded. Nucleotides comprising a nucleic acid can be joined via various known linkages, e.g., ester, sulfamate, sulfamide, phosphorothioate, phosphoramidate, methylphosphonate, carbamate, etc., depending on the desired purpose, e.g., resistance to nucleases, such as RNase H, improved in vivo stability, etc. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,378,825.

Various modifications can be made to the nucleic acids, such as attaching detectable markers (avidin, biotin, radioactive elements), moieties which improve hybridization, detection, or stability. The nucleic acids can also be attached to solid supports, e.g., nitrocellulose, nylon, agarose, diazotized cellulose, latex solid microspheres, polyacrylamides, etc., according to a desired method. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,470,967, 5,476,925, 5,478,893.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to oligonucleotides and nucleic acid probes. Such oligonucleotides or nucleic acid probes can be used, e.g., to detect, quantitate, or isolate a p115 Rho-GEF nucleic acid in a test sample. Detection can be desirable for a variety of different purposes, including research, diagnostic, and forensic. For diagnostic purposes, it may be desirable to identify the presence or quantity of a p115 Rho-GEF nucleic acid sequence in a sample, where the sample is obtained from tissue, cells, body fluids, etc. In a preferred method, the present invention relates to a method of detecting a p115 Rho-GEF nucleic acid comprising, contacting a target nucleic acid in a test sample with an oligonucleotide under conditions effective to achieve hybridization between the target and oligonucleotide; and detecting hybridization. An oligonucleotide in accordance with the invention can also be used in synthetic nucleic acid amplification such as PCR, e.g., Saiki et al., 1988, Science, 241:53; U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202. Preferred oligonucleotides, include:

SAS06 X SAS13: GAGTCTCTCTGCACCCTCTG (SEQ ID NO:7) CACGTCTCCGATCTCCTCGA (SEQ ID NO:8) MH185 X SAS11: GGAACCGGCGGACG (SEQ ID NO:9) AAGATGTTCTGCAGCTCCTC. (SEQ ID NO:10)

Another aspect of the present invention is a nucleotide sequence which is unique to p115 Rho-GEF. By a unique sequence to p115 Rho-GEF, it is meant a defined order of nucleotides which occurs in p115 Rho-GEF, e.g., in the nucleotide sequence of FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO: 1), but rarely or infrequently in other nucleic acids, especially not in an animal nucleic acid, preferably mammal, such as human, rat, mouse, etc. Both sense and antisense nucleotide sequences are included. A unique nucleic acid according to the present invention can be determined routinely. A nucleic acid comprising a unique sequence of p115 Rho-GEF can be used as a hybridization probe to identify the presence of p115 Rho-GEF in a sample comprising a mixture of nucleic acids, e.g., on a Northern blot. A unique sequence includes, e.g., the c-terminal region of p115 Rho-GEF from about nucleotides 2340-3150. Hybridization can be performed under stringent conditions to select nucleic acids having at least 95% identity (i.e., complementarity) to the probe, but less stringent conditions can also be used. A unique p115 Rho-GEF nucleotide sequence can also be fused in-frame, at either its 5′ or 3′ end, to various nucleotide sequences as mentioned throughout the patent, including coding sequences for other parts of p115 Rho-GEF, enzymes, GFP, etc, expression control sequences, etc.

Hybridization can be performed under different conditions, depending on the desired selectivity, e.g., as described in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, 1989. For example, to specifically detect p115 Rho-GEF, an oligonucleotide can be hybridized to a target nucleic acid under conditions in which the oligonucleotide only hybridizes to p115 Rho-GEF, e.g., where the oligonucleotide is 100% complementary to the target. Different conditions can be used if it is desired to select target nucleic acids which have less than 100% nucleotide complementarity, at least about, e.g., 99%, 97%, 95%, 90%, 70%, 67%. Since a mutation in a p115 Rho-GEF gene can cause diseases or pathological conditions, e.g., cancer, benign tumors, an oligonucleotide according to the present invention can be used diagnostically. For example, a patient having symptoms of a cancer or other condition associated with the Rho signaling pathway (see below) can be diagnosed with the disease by using an oligonucleotide according to the present invention, in polymerase chain reaction followed by DNA sequencing to identify whether the sequence is normal, in combination with other oncogene oligonucleotides, etc., e.g., p53, Rb, p21, Dbl, MTS1, Wt1, Bcl-1, Bcl-2, MDM2, etc. In a preferred method, the present invention relates to a method of diagnosing a cancer comprising contacting a sample comprising a target nucleic acid with an oligonucleotide under conditions effective to permit hybridization between the target and oligonucleotide; detecting hybridization, wherein the oligonucleotide comprises a sequence of p115 Rho-GEF, preferably a unique sequence of p115 Rho-GEF; and determining the nucleotide sequence of the target nucleic acid to which the oligonucleotide is hybridized. The sequence can be determined according to various methods, including isolating the target nucleic acid, or a cDNA thereof, and determining its sequence according to a desired method.

Oligonucleotides according to the present invention can be of any desired size, preferably 14-16 oligonucleotides in length, or more. Such oligonucleotides can have non-naturally-occurring nucleotides, e.g., inosine. In accordance with the present invention, the oligonucleotide can comprise a kit, where the kit includes a desired buffer (e.g., phosphate, tris, etc.), detection compositions, etc. The oligonucleotide can be labeled or unlabeled, with radioactive or non-radioactive labels as known in the art.

Anti-sense nucleic acid can also be prepared from a nucleic acid according to the present, preferably an anti-sense to a coding sequence of FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO: 1). Antisense nucleic acid can be used in various ways, such as to regulate or modulate expression of p115 Rho-GEF, e.g., inhibit it, to detect its expression, or for in situ hybridization. For the purposes of regulating or modulating expression of p115 Rho-GEF, an anti-sense oligonucleotide can be operably linked to an expression control sequence.

The nucleic acid according to the present invention can be labelled according to any desired method. The nucleic acid can be labeled using radioactive tracers such as ³²P, ³⁵S, ¹²⁵I, ³H, or ¹⁴C, to mention only the most commonly used tracers. The radioactive labelling can be carried out according to any method such as, for example, terminal labeling at the 3′ or 5′ end using a radiolabeled nucleotide, polynucleotide kinase (with or without dephosphorylation with a phosphatase) or a ligase (depending on the end to be labelled). A non-radioactive labeling can also be used, combining a nucleic acid of the present invention with residues having immunological properties (antigens, haptens), a specific affinity for certain reagents (ligands), properties enabling detectable enzyme reactions to be completed (enzymes or coenzymes, enzyme substrates, or other substances involved in an enzymatic reaction), or characteristic physical properties, such as fluorescence or the emission or absorption of light at a desired wavelength, etc.

A nucleic acid according to the present invention, including oligonucleotides, anti-sense nucleic acid, etc., can be used to detect expression of p115 Rho-GEF in whole organs, tissues, cells, etc., by various techniques, including Northern blot, PCR, in situ hybridization, etc. Such nucleic acids can be particularly useful to detect disturbed expression, e.g., cell-specific and/or subcellular alterations, of p115 Rho-GEF. The levels of p115 Rho-GEF can be determined alone or in combination with other genes products (oncogenes such as p53, Rb, Wt1, etc.), transcripts, etc. A nucleic acid according to the present invention can be expressed in a variety of different systems, in vitro and in vivo, according to the desired purpose. For example, a nucleic acid can be inserted into an expression vector, introduced into a desired host, and cultured under conditions effective to achieve expression of a polypeptide coded for the nucleic acid. Effective conditions includes any culture conditions which are suitable for achieving production of the polypeptide by the host cell, including effective temperatures, pH, medias, additives to the media in which the host cell is cultured (e.g., additives which amplify or induce expression such as butyrate, or methotrexate if the coding nucleic acid is adjacent to a dhfr gene), cyclohexamide, cell densities, culture dishes, etc. A nucleic acid can be introduced into the cell by any effective method including, e.g., calcium phosphate precipitation, electroporation, injection, DEAE-Dextran mediated transfection, fusion with liposomes, and viral transfection. A cell into which a nucleic acid of the present invention has been introduced is a transformed host cell. The nucleic acid can be extrachromosomal or integrated into a chromosome(s) of the host cell. It can be stable or transient. An expression vector is selected for its compatibility with the host cell. Host cells include, mammalian cells, e.g., COS-7, CHO, HeLa, LTK, NIH 3T3, Rat 1 fibroblasts, yeast, insect cells, such as Sf9 (S. frugipeda) and Drosophila, bacteria, such as E. coli, Streptococcus, bacillus, yeast, fungal cells, plants, embryonic stem cells (e.g., mammalian, such as mouse or human), cancer or tumor cells. Sf9 expression can be accomplished in analogy to Graziani et al., Oncogene, 7:229-235, 1992. Expression control sequences are similarly selected for host compatibility and a desired purpose, e.g., high copy number, high amounts, induction, amplification, controlled expression. Other sequences which can be employed include enhancers such as from SV40, CMV, inducible promoters, cell-type specific elements, or sequences which allow selective or specific cell expression.

In addition to a p115 Rho-GEF nucleic acid, another gene of interest can be introduced into the same host for purposes of, e.g., modulating expression p115 Rho-GEF, elucidating p115 Rho-GEF function or that of the gene of interest. Genes of interest include other oncogenes, genes involved in the cell cycle, etc. Such genes can be the normal gene, or a variation, e.g., a mutation, chimera, polymorphism, etc.

A nucleic acid or polypeptide of the present invention can be used as a size marker in nucleic acid or protein electrophoresis, chromatography, etc. Defined restriction fragments can be determined by scanning the sequence for restriction sites, calculating the size, and performing the corresponding restriction digest. Useful fragments include:

Sac1-BamH1 nucleotides 1454,2332, size = 878 bases; Sph1-Sph1 nucleotides 295-1356, size = 1061 bases, and Sac2-Rsr2 nucleotides 1696-2462, size = 766 bases.

The p115 Rho-GEF polypeptide can also be used as a 115 kd molecular weight marker for a protein gel.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to the regulation of biological pathways in which a GTPase is involved, particularly pathological conditions, e.g., cell proliferation (e.g., cancer), growth control, morphogenesis, stress fiber formation, and integrin-mediated interactions, such as embryonic development, tumor cell growth and metastasis, programmed cell death, hemostasis, leucocyte homing and activation, bone resorption, clot retraction, and the response of cells to mechanical stress. See, e.g., Clark and Brugge, Science, 268:233-239, 1995; Bussey, Science, 272:225-226, 1996. Thus, the invention relates to all aspects of a method of modulating an activity of a Rho polypeptide comprising, administering an effective amount of a p115 Rho-GEF polypeptide or a biologically-active fragment thereof, an effective amount of a compound which modulates the activity of a Rho polypeptide, or an effective amount of a nucleic acid which codes for a p115 Rho-GEF polypeptide or a biologically-active fragment thereof. The activity of Rho which is modulated can include: GTP binding, GDP binding, GTPase activity, integrin binding, coupling or binding of Rho to receptor or effector-like molecules (such as integrins, growth factor receptors, tyrosine kinases, PI-3K, PIP-5K, etc.). See, e.g., Clark and Brugge, Science, 268:233-239, 1995. The activity can be modulated by increasing, reducing, antagonizing, promoting, etc. of Rho. The modulation of Rho can be measured by assayed routinely for GTP hydrolysis, PI(4,5)biphosphate, binding to p115 Rho-GEF, etc. An effective amount is any amount which, when administered, modulates the Rho activity. The activity can be modulated in a cell, a tissue, a whole organism, in situ, in vitro (test tube, a solid support, etc.), in vivo, or in any desired environment.

Compounds that regulate the interaction between a GEF, such p115 Rho-GEF, and a GTPase can be identified using an assay for a GEF activity, such as guanine nucleotide exchange activity, binding to a guanine nucleotide-depleted site of a GTPase, or oncogenic transforming activity, or a GTPase activity such as GTP hydrolysis. In general, a compound having such an in vitro activity will be useful in vivo to modulate a biological pathway associated with a GTPase, e.g., to treat a pathological condition associated with the biological and cellular activities mentioned above. By way of illustration, the ways in which GEF regulators can be identified are described above and below in terms of Rho and p115 Rho-GEF. However, it is to be understood that such methods can be applied generally to other GEFs.

A guanine nucleotide exchange assay, e.g., as described in Hart et al., Nature, 354:311-314, Nov. 28, 1991 (see, especially, FIG. 2 legend therein), can be used to assay for the ability of a compound to regulate the interaction between Rho and p115 Rho-GEF. For example, Rho protein (recombinant, recombinant fusion protein, or isolated from natural sources) is labeled with tritiated-GDP. The tritiated-GDP-labeled Rho is then incubated with p115 Rho-GEF and GTP under conditions in which nucleotide exchange occurs. The amount of tritiated-GDP that is retained by Rho is determined by separating bound GDP from free GDP, e.g., using a BA85 filter. The ability of a compound to regulate the interaction can be determined by adding the compound at a desired time to the incubation (e.g., before addition of p115 Rho-GEF, after addition of p115 Rho-GEF) and determining its effect on nucleotide exchange. Various agonist and antagonists of the interaction can be identified in this manner.

Binding to a guanine nucleotide-depleted site of Rho can be determined in various ways, e.g., as described in Hart et al., J. Biol. Chem., 269:62-65, 1994. Briefly, a Rho protein can be coupled to a solid support using various methods that one skilled in the art would know, e.g., using an antibody to Rho, a fusion protein between Rho and a marker protein, such as glutathione protein (GST), wherein the fusion is coupled to a solid support via the marker protein (such as glutathionine beads when GST is used), etc. The Rho protein is converted to a guanine nucleotide depleted state (for effective conditions, see, e.g., Hart et al., J. Biol. Chem., 269:62-65, 1994) and incubated with, e.g., GDP, GTPγS, and a GEF such as p115 Rho-GEF. The solid support is then separated and any protein on it run on a gel. A compound can be added at any time during the incubation (as described above) to determine its effect on the binding of the GEF to Rho.

The modulation of oncogenic transforming activity by a p115 Rho-GEF, or derivatives thereof, can be measured according to various known procedures, e.g., Eva and Aaronson, Nature, 316:273-275, 1985; Hart et al., J. Biol. Chem., 269:62-65, 1994. A compound can be added at any time during the method (e.g., pretreatment of cells; after addition of GEF, etc.) to determine its effect on the oncogenic transforming activity of p115 Rho-GEF. Various cell lines can also be used.

Other assays for Rho-mediated signal transduction can be accomplished according in analogy to procedures known in the art, e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,141,851; 5,420,334; 5,436,128; and 5,482,954; W094/16069; WO93/16179; WO91/15582; WO90/00607. In addition, peptides which inhibit the interaction, e.g., binding, between p115 Rho-GEF and a G-protein, such as RhoA, can be identified and prepared according to EP 496 162.

The present invention also relates to a method of testing for and identifying an agent which modulates the guanine nucleotide exchange activity of a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, or a biologically-active fragment thereof, or which modulates the binding between a GEF, or a biologically-active fragment thereof, and a GTPase, or a biologically-active fragment thereof, to which it binds. The method comprises contacting the GEF and GTPase with an agent to be tested and then detecting the presence or amount of binding between the GEF and GTPase, or an activity of the GEF such as guanine nucleotide exchange activity. By modulating, it is meant that addition of the agent affects the activity or binding. The binding or activity modulation can be affected in various ways, including inhibiting, blocking, preventing, increasing, enhancing, or promoting it. The binding or activity affect does not have to be achieved in a specific way, e.g., it can be competitive, noncompetitive, allosteric, sterically hindered, via cross-linking between the agent and the GEF or GTPase, etc. The agent can act on either the GEF or GTPase. The agent can be an agonist, an antagonist, or a partial agonist or antagonist. The presence or amount of binding can be determined in various ways, e.g., directly or indirectly by assaying for an activity promoted or inhibited by the GEF, such as guanine nucleotide exchange, GTP hydrolysis, oncogenic transformation, etc. Such assays are described above and below, and are also known in the art. The agent can be obtained and/or prepared from a variety of sources, including natural and synthetic. It can comprise, e.g., amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, organic molecules, nucleic acids, inorganic molecules, or mixtures thereof. See, e.g., Hoeprich, Nature Biotechnology, 14:1311-1312, 1996, which describes an example of automated synthesis of organic molecules. The agent can be added simultaneously or sequentially. For example, the agent can be added to the GEF and then the resultant mixture can be further combined with the GTPase. The method can be carried out in liquid on isolated components, on a matrix (e.g., filter paper, nitrocellulose, agarose), in cells, on tissue sections, etc. In accordance with the method, a GEF can bind to the GTPase, which binding will modulate some GTPase activity. For example, as discussed above and below, a p115-RhoGEF binds to Rho, causing guanine nucleotide dissociation. The effect can be directly on the binding site between the GEF and GTPase, or it can be allosteric, or it can be on only one component (e.g., on the GEF only). Assays for guanine nucleotide dissociation can be readily adapted to identify agents which regulate the activity of a GTPase. The method further relates to obtaining or producing agents which have been identified according to the above-described method. The present invention also relates to products identified in accordance with such methods. Various GEFs and GTPases can be employed, including, p115-RhoGEF, mSOS, SOS, C3G, 1sc, Dbl, Dbl-related proteins, polypeptides comprising one or more DH domains, CDC24, Tiam, Ost, Lbc, Vav, Ect2, Bcr, Abr, Rho (A, B, and C), Rac, Ras, CDC42, chimeras thereof, biologically-active fragments thereof, muteins thereof, etc.

The present invention thus also relates to the treatment and prevention of diseases and pathological conditions associated with Rho-mediated signal transduction, e.g., cancer, diseases associated with abnormal cell proliferation. For example, the invention relates to a method of treating cancer comprising administering, to a subject in need of treatment, an amount of a compound effective to treat the disease, where the compound is a regulator of p115 Rho-GEF gene or polypeptide expression. Treating the disease can mean, delaying its onset, delaying the progression of the disease, improving or delaying clinical and pathological signs of disease. Similarly, the method also relates to treating diseases associated with inflammation, and/or the chemotactic ability of neutrophils. A regulator compound, or mixture of compounds, can be synthetic, naturally-occurring, or a combination. A regulator compound can comprise amino acids, nucleotides, hydrocarbons, lipids, polysaccharides, etc. A regulator compound is preferably a regulator of p115 Rho-GEF, e.g., inhibiting or increasing its mRNA, protein expression, or processing, or its interaction with Rho, e.g., guanine nucleotide exchange. Expression can be regulated using different agents, e.g., a polypeptide selected from amino acid 1-912 (SEQ ID NO: 2) or a derivative thereof, a ligand to the Dbl homology domain, an anti-sense nucleic acid, a ribozyme, an aptamer, a synthetic compound, or a naturally-occurring compound. Additionally, cells can be supplemented with p115 Rho-GEF, or derivatives thereof. To treat the disease, the compound, or mixture, can be formulated into pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and other excipients as apparent to the skilled worker. See, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eighteenth Edition, Mack Publishing Company, 1990. Such composition can additionally contain effective amounts of other compounds, especially for treatment of cancer.

The present invention also relates to antibodies which specifically recognize a p 115 Rho-GEF polypeptide. Antibodies, e.g., polyclonal, monoclonal, recombinant, chimeric, can be prepared according to any desired method. For example, for the production of monoclonal antibodies, a polypeptide according to FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO: 2), can be administered to mice, goats, or rabbit subcutaneously and/or intraperitoneally, with or without adjuvant, in an amount effective to elicit an immune response. The antibodies can also be single chain or FAb. The antibodies can be IgG, subtypes, IgG2a, IgG1, etc.

An antibody specific for p115 Rho-GEF means that the antibody recognizes a defined sequence of amino acids within or including the p115 Rho-GEF amino acid sequence of FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO: 2). Thus, a specific antibody will bind with higher affinity to an amino acid sequence, i.e., an epitope, found in FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO: 2) than to a different epitope(s), e.g., as detected and/or measured by an immunoblot assay. Thus, an antibody which is specific for an epitope of p115 Rho-GEF is useful to detect the presence of the epitope in a sample, e.g., a sample of tissue containing p115 Rho-GEF gene product, distinguishing it from samples in which the epitope is absent. Such antibodies are useful as described in Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Research Product Catalog, can be formulated accordingly, e.g., 100 μg/ml.

In addition, ligands which bind to a p115 Rho-GEF polypeptide according to the present invention, or a derivative thereof, can also be prepared, e.g., using synthetic peptide libraries, or nucleic acid ligands (e.g., Pitrung et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,143,854; Geysen et al., 1987, J. Immunol. Methods, 102:259-274; Scott et al., 1990, Science, 249:386; Blackwell et al., 1990, Science, 250:1104; Tuerk et al., 1990, Science, 249: 505. Nucleic acid ligands can be prepared to the Dbl homology domain (420-637) or the pleckstrin domain (646-762), etc.

Antibodies and other ligands which bind p115 Rho-GEF can be used in various ways, including as therapeutic, diagnostic, and commercial research tools, e.g, to quantitate the levels of p115 Rho-GEF polypeptide in animals, tissues, cells, etc., to identify the cellular localization and/or distribution of p115 Rho-GEF, to purify p115 Rho-GEF or a polypeptide comprising a part of p115 Rho-GEF, to modulate the function of p115 Rho-GEF, etc. Antibodies to p115 Rho-GEF, or a derivative thereof, can be used in Western blots, ELIZA, immunoprecipitation, RIA, etc. The present invention relates to such assays, compositions and kits for performing them, etc.

An antibody according to the present invention can be used to detect p115 Rho-GEF polypeptide or fragments thereof in various samples, including tissue, cells, body fluid, blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid. A method of the present invention comprises contacting a ligand which binds to a peptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 under conditions effective, as known in the art, to achieve binding, detecting specific binding between the ligand and peptide. By specific binding, it is meant that the ligand attaches to a defined sequence of amino acids, e.g., within or including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or derivatives thereof. The antibodies or derivatives thereof can also be used to inhibit expression of p115 Rho-GEF or a fragment thereof. The levels of p115 Rho-GEF polypeptide can be determined alone or in combination with other gene products. In particular, the amount (e.g., its expression level) of p115 Rho-GEF polypeptide can be compared (e.g., as a ratio) to the amounts of other polypeptides in the same or different sample, e.g., p21, p53, Rb, WT1, etc.

A ligand for p115 Rho-GEF can be used in combination with other antibodies, e.g., antibodies that recognize oncological markers of cancer, including, Rb, p53, c-erbB-2, oncogene products, etc. In general, reagents which are specific for p115 Rho-GEF can be used in diagnostic and/or forensic studies according to any desired method, e.g., as U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,397,712; 5,434,050; 5,429,947.

The present invention also relates to a labelled p115 Rho-GEF polypeptide, prepared according to a desired method, e.g., as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,434,050. A labelled polypeptide can be used, e.g., in binding assays, such as to identify substances that bind or attach to p115 Rho-GEF, to track the movement of p115 Rho-GEF in a cell, in an in vitro, in vivo, or in situ system, etc.

A nucleic acid, polypeptide, antibody, p115 Rho-GEF ligand etc., according to the present invention can be isolated. The term “isolated” means that the material is in a form in which it is not found in its original environment, e.g., more concentrated, more purified, separated from component, etc. An isolated nucleic acid includes, e.g., a nucleic acid having the sequence of p115 Rho-GEF separated from the chromosomal DNA found in a living animal. This nucleic acid can be part of a vector or inserted into a chromosome (by specific gene-targeting or by random integration at a position other than its normal position) and still be isolated in that it is not in a form which it is found in its natural environment. A nucleic acid or polypeptide of the present invention can also be substantially purified. By substantially purified, it is meant that nucleic acid or polypeptide is separated and is essentially free from other nucleic acids or polypeptides, i.e., the nucleic acid or polypeptide is the primary and active constituent.

The present invention also relates to a transgenic animal, e.g., a non-human-mammal, such as a mouse, comprising a p115 Rho-GEF nucleic acid. Transgenic animals can be prepared according to known methods, including, e.g., by pronuclear injection of recombinant genes into pronuclei of 1-cell embryos, incorporating an artificial yeast chromosome into embryonic stem cells, gene targeting methods, embryonic stem cell methodology. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,736,866; 4,873,191; 4,873,316; 5,082,779; 5,304,489; 5,174,986; 5,175,384; 5,175,385; 5,221,778; Gordon et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 77:7380-7384 (1980); Palmiter et al., Cell, 41:343-345 (1985); Palmiter et al., Ann. Rev. Genet., 20:465-499 (1986); Askew et al., Mol. Cell. Bio., 13:4115-4124, 1993; Games et al. Nature, 373:523-527, 1995; Valancius and Smithies, Mol. Cell. Bio., 11:1402-1408, 1991; Stacey et al., Mol. Cell. Bio., 14:1009-1016, 1994; Hasty et al., Nature, 350:243-246, 1995; Rubinstein et al., Nucl. Acid Res., 21:2613-2617, 1993. A nucleic acid according to the present invention can be introduced into any non-human mammal, including a mouse (Hogan et al., 1986, in Manipulating the Mouse Embryo: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.), pig (Hammer et al., Nature, 315:343-345, 1985), sheep (Hammer et al., Nature, 315:343-345, 1985), cattle, rat, or primate. See also, e.g., Church, 1987, Trends in Biotech. 5:13-19; Clark et al., 1987, Trends in Biotech. 5:20-24; and DePamphilis et al., 1988, BioTechniques, 6:662-680. In addition, e.g., custom transgenic rat and mouse production is commercially available. These transgenic animals are useful as a cancer model, e.g., to test drugs, or as food for a snake.

Generally, the nucleic acids, polypeptides, antibodies, etc. of the present invention can be prepared and used as described in, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,501,969, 5,506,133, 5,441,870; WO 90/00607; WO 91/15582;

For other aspects of the nucleic acids, polypeptides, antibodies, etc., reference is made to standard textbooks of molecular biology, protein science, and immunology. See, e.g., Davis et al. (1986), Basic Methods in Molecular Biology, Elsevir Sciences Publishing, Inc., New York; Hames et al. (1985), Nucleic Acid Hybridization, IL Press, Molecular Cloning, Sambrook et al.; Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Edited by F. M. Ausubel et al., John Wiley & Sons, Inc; Current Protocols in Human Genetics, Edited by Nicholas C. Dracopoli et al., John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; Current Protocols in Protein Science; Edited by John E. Coligan et al., John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; Current Protocols in Immunology; Edited by John E. Coligan et al., John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

EXAMPLES Identification and Purification of Rho-Associated Proteins

To identify Rho associated proteins, six 10 cm dishes of 70% confluent src-transformed NIH3T3 cells were labeled overnight with 100 μCi/ml ³⁵S-methionine. Each plate was washed once with ice cold phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and lysed with one ml of 20 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 30 μg/ml leupeptin and aprotinin, 1 mM pefabloc and 0.6% Triton X-100 (v/v). When phosphatase inhibitors were included in the lysis buffer, NaF and NaVO4 were added to final concentrations of 20 mM and 1 mM, respectively. After preclearing with GSH agarose, the supernatants were incubated with GSH agarose coupled to 10 μg of E. coli expressed GST-RhoA prepared in nucleotide depleted, GDP or GTP{grave over ( )}γS states (18). For the nucleotide depleted condition, EDTA was added to the lysate to a final concentration of 10 mM. After a two hour incubation at 4° C., the beads were washed three times with phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.1% Triton X-100 and either 10 mM EDTA for the nucleotide depleted condition or 5 mM MgCl₂ for the GDP/GTP{grave over ( )}γS conditions and eluted with SDS sample buffer. The eluant was analyzed on an 8%-polyacrylamide SDS gel by autoradiography. For the purification, 10 ml of cytosol was prepared from ten-15 cm plates of COS cells, which were homogenized in a hypotonic lysis buffer (20 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 10 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 30 μg/ml leupeptin and aprotinin, and 1 mM pefabloc). After centrifugation, Triton X-100 was added to a final concentration of 0.2% and the lysate was then split into 2 aliquots, precleared with GSH agarose and incubated with 120 μg of either nucleotide depleted- or GDP-GST-RhoA coupled to GSH agarose and then treated as described above. To obtain peptide sequence for p115, 200 μg of nucleotide depleted GST-RhoA coupled to GSH agarose was incubated with cytosol prepared from 25-15 cm plates of COS cells. Following SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the proteins eluted from the beads, the stained band corresponding to p115 was excised from the gel and treated with the protease endolys-C (23).

Cloning of p115

A total of six peptides were sequenced, and one peptide, RQEVISELLVTEAAHV, was used for the purpose of obtaining a cDNA for p115. Using the rules for designing best guess oligonucleotides, the following probe, CGGCAGGAGGTGATCTCTGAGCTGCTGGTGACAGAG-GCTGCCCATGT, (SEQ ID NO: 11) was generated, end-labeled with polynucleotide kinase and used to screen 2×10⁶ plaques from a Stratagene human fetal brain cDNA library (24). From this screening, a 3.0 kb cDNA was isolated and was found to encode a protein which contained three of the six isolated peptides. This clone, designated •N-p115, was expressed in an in vitro TNT wheat germ lectin lysate system (Promega) and was found to encode a 85 kDa protein. To find the remaining 5′ coding sequence of p115, a probe, raised against the 5′ end of •N-p115, was used to screen {grave over ( )}DR2 and {grave over ( )}GT11 human fetal brain cDNA libraries (Clontech). These screenings resulted in the isolation of overlapping 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 and 3.0 kb cDNAs. The cDNAs were sequenced in both directions by cycle sequencing with TAQ polymerase and analyzed on a ABI 373A DNA sequencer. To make a full-length p115 construct, the 0.7 and 3.0 kb cDNAs were digested with EcoR1 and Sfi and subcloned into the EcoR1 site of pGEM-11 Zf (Promega). This construct was used for in vitro transcription and translation in a wheat germ lectin lysate.

cDNA Constructs

For expression in the baculovirus/SF9 system, the original cDNA, •N-p115, was subcloned as a EcoRV/XbaI fragment into the Stu-XbaI sites of a pAcO vector which contains a 5′ glu—glu tag. The expression and purification of the glu—glu tagged protein was performed as previously described (24). For the foci formation assays, the various p115 cDNAs, lbc and dbl cDNAs were subcloned into an EXV myc tag vector. The cDNA, which has been designated •N-p115, codes for amino acids 249 to 912 and was subcloned as a EcoRV-XbaI fragment into complementary sites of the EXV-myc vector. This construct was then used to make •N-p115•DH, in which DNA coding for amino acids 466 to 547 of the DH domain was deleted by digesting with Sac1 and Sac2. The ends of the cut plasmid were then blunted with T4 DNA polymerase, and the vector was religated. •N-p115•C was made by digesting with Rsr1 and XbaI to remove DNA which coded for amino acids 803 to 912. The construct, in which the PH domain was truncated (•N-p115•PH), was made by digesting with Bal1 and XbaI, resulting in the removal of sequence coding for amino acids 719 to 912. The methods used for making EXV-myc dbl have been described elsewhere (5).

Using primers raised against the published sequence of the lbc oncogene (22), a 500 base pair fragment was amplified from a Stratagene heart cDNA library. This fragment was then used as a template to generate a radiolabeled probe by the polymerase chain reaction. A 1.8 kb cDNA was obtained by screening the Stratagene heart cDNA library. The 1.8 kb cDNA contained sequence for the lbc oncogene as well as unpublished sequence, which probably represents proto-lbc sequence. DNA sequence, which coded for amino acids 1 to 417, was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction using specific primers. The designed primers incorporated an EcoRV and a XbaI site at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the amplified DNA, which was then subcloned into the EXV-myc vector.

Immunochemical Detection

Antibodies specific to p115 were raised in rabbits against a fragment of purified recombinant p115. •N-p115 (amino acids 249-912) was expressed as a glu—glu epitope tagged protein in the baculovirus insect cell system and purified by affinity chromato-graphy on anti-glu—glu Sepharose (24). Seven milligrams of glu—glu tagged •N-p115 were then coupled to CNBr-activated Sepharose and incubated with 10 mls of serum from rabbits injected with •N-p115. The antibodies were then eluted with 0.2 M glycine, pH 2.5 and neutralized with 1 M K₂HPO_(4.) For immunoblotting, affinity purified •N-p115 antibodies were used at a final concentration of 1 μg/ml. Blots were incubated overnight, washed 3 times with 25 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, 0.05% Tween-20 and then developed with Goat anti-rabbit IgG conjugated to HRP followed by ECL detection. Monoclonal antibodies for phosphotyrosine, p190-RhoGAP and rasGAP (Transduction Labs, Inc.) were used at final concenrations of 1 μg/ml. Cross-reactivity on immunoblots was detected with goat anti-mouse IgG conjugated to HRP

p115 Stimulated Dissociation from RhoA

Comparison of p115 stimulated GDP and GTPγ{grave over ( )}S dissociation from RhoA. Increasing amounts of glu—glu tagged •N-p115 (0, 0.02, 0.075, 0.02, 0.4, 1.0 μM) were incubated with 0.3 μM RhoA with bound [³H]-GDP or GTP{grave over ( )}[³⁵S] for 10 minutes, and the amount of nucleotide remaining bound to RhoA was determined as described in Hart et al. (39). Specificity of •N-p115 stimulated GDP dissociation. Increasing amounts of •N-p115 (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 μM) were incubated for 5 minutes with 2.0 μM GST-RhoA, GST-Rac1, GST-Cdc42Hs or EE-K-Ras prebound with [³H]-GDP and analysed as described in A. Western analysis of complex formation. One μg of glu—glu tagged •N-p115 was incubated with 4 μg of the nucleotide depleted or GDP states of baculovirus expressed GST-Rho, GST-Rac or GST-Cdc42Hs coupled to GSH agarose as described in Hart et al. (18). Proteins, which were recovered on the washed GSH beads, were analsed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. The blot was probed with an affinity purified anti glu—glu monoclonal antibody. 100 ngs of glu—glu tagged •N-p115 was used as a positive control. Kinetic analysis of p115-catalyzed GEF activity on RhoA. Increasing amounts of GST-RhoA bound with GDP were incubated with 50 nM p115 in the presence of 100 μM GTP, 0.2 μM [{grave over ( )}³²P]GTP and 5 mM MgCl₂ for 5 minutes at room temperature. The level of GTP incorporated onto Rho/min/pmol of •N-p115 was measured as GST-RhoA[{grave over ( )}³²P]GTP bound to nitrocellulose filters.

Identification and Cloning of p115-RhoGEF

In order to identify proteins capable of interacting with Rho, GST-Rho was coupled to GSH agarose, prepared to exist in nucleotide depleted, GDP and GTPγ{grave over ( )}S states, and incubated with lysates from src transformed NIH-3T3 cells metabolically labeled with ³⁵S-methionine. The associated proteins were eluted from the agarose beads with SDS, electrophoresed on acrylamide gels and analyzed by autoradiography. By using this approach, four Rho-interacting proteins were identified: p190, p120, p130 and p115. Two proteins, p190 and p120, interacted only with GDP and GTPγ{grave over ( )}S states. These two proteins were observed only when the purification was performed in the presence of phosphatase inhibitors. Anti-phosphotyrosine western analysis revealed that both p190 and p120 are tyrosine phosphorylated. Subsequent analysis with specific monoclonal antibodies demonstrated that p190 was p190-RhoGAP and p120 was RasGAP. The affinity of p190-RhoGAP for Rho-GDP/GTP{grave over ( )}γS appears to be dramatically enhanced in the presence of phosphatase inhibitors. RasGAP is also found associated with the GDP/GTP{grave over ( )}γS states, presumably via its interaction with p190-RhoGAP (25). Two more proteins, p130 and p115, also bound to Rho, but they interacted only with the nucleotide depleted (ND) state. The interaction with p130 could only be detected when phosphatase inhibitors were included in the lysis buffer, while p115 interacted with Rho independently of phosphatase inhibitors. By virtue of the ability of p130 and p115 to bind to the nucleotide depleted state of Rho, it is possible that these two proteins are GEFs for the Rho GTPase.

Using this affinity approach, p115 was purified from COS cell cytosol on a GST-Rho(ND) column. Quantities of p115 sufficient for amino acid microsequencing were gel-purified and proteolytically digested. Six peptides were isolated and sequenced. A nucleotide probe based on the sequence of one peptide was used to isolate a 3.0 kb cDNA from a human fetal brain cDNA library. Subsequent screenings resulted in the identification of three overlapping 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 and 3.0 kb cDNAs. An alignment of these sequences revealed a contiguous 3.2 kb cDNA which contained an open reading frame coding for a predicted protein of 104 kDa. Northern analysis of the expression of p115 identified two predominant transcripts with sizes of 7.0 and 3.4 kb. P115 appears to be ubiquitously expressed in human tissues but is most highly expressed in peripheral blood leukocytes, thymus and spleen. When the 3.2 kb cDNA for p115 was expressed in vitro, the protein product migrated with a molecular mass of 115 kDa. An affinity purified polyclonal antibody raised against amino acids 249-912 of p115 recognized a protein with an identical molecular weight in COS and porcine atrial endothelial (PAE) cells. P115 was also detected in many human tumor cell lines, e.g., DLD-1, HCT116, HTB177, SW480, SW620, MIA, Panc-1, HT 1080, C33A, H522, A549, and BXPC3.

Protein homology searches revealed that p115 contains a Dbl homology (DH) domain which is followed by a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. The DH domain of p115 is 33.5%, 32.3% and 22.9% identical to analogous regions found in the Lfc, Lbc and Dbl oncogenes, respectively. The PH domain of p115 is most similar to the PH domains found in Lfc and Lbc (29.5% and 26.6% identical) and is only 9% identical to the PH domain of Dbl. The N-terminal amino acid sequence is homologous to coiled-coil containing proteins such as collagen.

Biochemical Characterization

As p115 contains a domain which is homologous to the Dbl and Lbc exchange factors, we next performed experiments to characterize the potential GEF activity of p115. Rho was prebound with ³H-GDP or GTP{grave over ( )}³⁵S and incubated with a purified recombinant form of p115 which lacked amino terminal sequence (•N-p115). The •N-p115 was more efficient in promoting the dissociation of GDP than GTP{grave over ( )}γS from RhoA and did not promote GDP dissociation from Cdc42Hs, Racl or K-Ras. Under appropriate conditions, the intrinsic dissociation of GDP from RhoA is stimulated 10-fold by 1 μM •N-p115. The specificity of GEF activity correlated with the ability of •N-p115 to physically associate with the nucleotide depleted state GST-Rho. •N-p115 did not interact with GST-Cdc42, GST-Rac or K-Ras. Kinetic analysis of p115-catalyzed GEF activity on Rho revealed a KM for Rho of 1.35 μM and a Vmax of 0.031 pmol incorporated GTP/min/pmol •N-p115.

Transforming Potential

Since a number of Dbl-like proteins (Dbl, Lbc, Ost) which activate Rho (18,26,27) have been shown to be transforming, we tested the transforming potentials of various myc-tagged p115 constructs, Ibc and dbl (Table 1). The amount of DNA used for foci formation assays in NIH-3T3 cells was normalized based on levels of protein expression as determined by western analysis with an anti-myc tag monoclonal antibody. A nearly full-length form of p115 (amino acids 83-912) was not transforming. However, when the N-terminus was further truncated, •N-p115 was capable of inducing focus formation in NIH-3T3 cells. If this p115 construct was further truncated just C-terminal to the PH domain, •N-p115•C became more transforming. When a deletion was made inside the DH domain (•N-p115•DH) or if the PH domain was partially truncated (•Np115•PH), •N-p115 was no longer transforming (Table 1). These data are consistent with previous observations that Dbl-like proteins require intact DH and PH domains for their transforming activity (18,26,28). The transforming potentials of myc-tagged lbc and myc-tagged dbl were also tested. The results from these experiments suggest that dbl is more transforming than p115 and lbc.

It has been shown that an activated version of rho, rhoV14, also induces focus formation in NIH 3T3 cells and that the morphology of these foci differs from that of ras-induced foci (29,30). This difference presumably stems from a bifurcation in the transformation pathway downstream of Ras (31). Consistent with this interpretation, the activation of one arm of the pathway via rhoV14 synergizes with the activation of a second arm using an activated form of raf, raf-CAAX (30). The phenotype of the foci induced by •N-p115 is similar to that observed with rhoV14 and lbc. These foci contain rounded, densely packed cells. The morphology of ras or rafCAAX-induced foci have a swirling pattern, which contain spindle shaped cells (30). When rhoV14 or •N-p115 were co-transfected with rafCAAX, the majority of these foci have a morphology which is intermediate between those observed on expression of either rhoV14 or •N-p115 and expression of rafCAAX. The foci from the rhoV14/rafCAAX and the p115/rafCAAX co-transfections are dense in the middle and fusiform on the periphery. Like rhoV14, •N-p115 can synergize with the constitutively active raf-CAAX in focus formation assays. These observations are consistent with p115 acting in vivo as a GEF for Rho.

Discussion of Results

The Rho GTPase regulates the formation of actin cytoskeletal structures and other events which are important in regulating cell growth. Rho has been shown to induce the formation of stress fibers and is involved in mediating the ability of LPA and growth factors to promote stress fiber formation and the formation of focal adhesions (6). Rho appears to also control the assembly of integrin adhesion complexes which are involved in cell—cell aggregation of B-lymphocytes (32) and chemoattractant-activated leukocyte adhesion (33). Furthermore, Rho acts as a mediator of LPA and AlF₄ activated transcription (3) and can regulate cell growth by promoting progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle (7). The manner by which Rho induces changes within the cell is currently not known. However, recently identified potential effectors for Rho (ROK, PKN, Rhophilin, and phospholipase-D (15,16,34,35)) may mediate the observed effects of Rho on cell morphology and transcriptional activation.

Using an affinity approach, we have been able to detect the association of four proteins with specific nucleotide states of Rho. P190-RhoGAP interacted with the GTP{grave over ( )}γS state of Rho when lysates were prepared in the absence of phosphatase inhibitors. However, if phosphatase inhibitors were included in the lysis buffer, there was a significant increase in the amount of p190 associated with the GTP{grave over ( )}γS as well as the GDP states. Under these conditions, RasGAP, which was presumably complexed to p190, was also found to be associated with the GTPγ{grave over ( )}S and GDP states. The mechanism for this apparent increase in affinity of p190 for Rho is not known. It is possible that the binding of RasGAP to p190 increases its affinity for Rho. Experiments performed by McGlade et al. (36) may provide in vivo evidence to support this idea. Expression of the N-terminus of RasGAP (GAP-N, containing the SH3 and two SH2 domains) resulted in the formation of a stable complex with p190. Cells expressing GAP-N displayed disorganized stress fibers, bound poorly to fibronectin and had reduced focal adhesions. In these cells, the stable interaction of GAP-N with p190 may be promoting its RhoGAP activity, leading to the disappearance of cytoskeletal structures normally induced by the activation of Rho. More recently, Chang et al. (37) demonstrated that EGF treatment of cells overexpressing c-Src, induced a rapid dissolution of actin stress fibers and the appearance of p190 and RasGAP in arc-like structures that surrounded the nucleus. This suggests that p190, which is a preferred substrate for c-Src (38), is responsible for the EGF induced reduction of stress fibers. These results are consistent with a model in which tyrosine phosphorylation and RasGAP association activate the RhoGAP activity of p190.

Two other proteins which bound to the GST-Rho affinity column were p115 and p130. These two proteins interacted only with the nucleotide depleted state of Rho. P115 was purified from COS cell lysates, cloned from a human fetal brain cDNA library and found to encode a new member of the growing family of Dbl homology domain containing proteins. Accordingly, an N-terminal truncated version of p115 (•N-p115) stimulated the dissociation of GDP from Rho but not from Cdc42, Rac, or K-Ras. When lysates were prepared in the presence of phosphatase inhibitors, a second protein, p130, was also identified. P130 may represent another Rho-GEF, which may function only when phosphorylated. Alternatively, p130 may interact indirectly with Rho by coupling, in a phosphorylation dependent manner, to p115. P130 is not a hyperphosphorylated form of p115 since an antibody raised against p115 does not cross-react with p130.

Since the initial discovery that the Dbl onco-protein acted as a GEF for Cdc42Hs (39), a large number of proteins and oncogenes have been shown to contain Dbl homology (DH) domains. A feature common to all DH containing proteins is the pleckstrin domain located immediately C-terminal to the DH domain. Members of the pleckstrin family interact with the β′ subunits of heterotrimeric G-proteins (40) or acidic phopholipids (41,42). The IRS-1 PTB domain structurally resembles PH domains and can interact with tyrosine phosphorylated peptides (43). Thus, PH domains may have a wide variety of cellular ligands, which may provide a mechanism of localizing Dbl-like proteins to membranes. The high degree of homology between the PH domains of Lbc and Lfc suggests they may share a common ligand, whereas the p115 PH domain deviates considerably from these sequences, suggesting it may bind to a separate ligand. A similar trend is also noted for the DH domain. Throughout this domain, Lbc and Lfc share much higher sequence identity to each other than to the DH domain of p115. Therefore, it may be appropriate to consider Lbc/Lfc and p115 as two distinct subclasses of Rho-specific GEFs. From the transformation assays performed in this paper, it is apparent that dbl is more transforming than p115. This could reflect differences in PH domain ligands, differences in GEF potencies, or perhaps differences in specificity versus Rho family members.

In this study, a variety of p115 constructs were tested for their transforming potential. A nearly full-length form of p115 (amino acids 83-912) was not transforming. However, expression of a further N-terminal truncated version (•N-p115) in NIH-3T3 cells promoted the formation of foci which were similar in phenotype to those induced by rhoV14 and also, like rhoV14, •N-p115 synergized with raf-CAAX in focus formation assays. When •N-p115 was truncated at the C-terminus (•N-p115•-C), the transforming potential of p115 was further increased, suggesting that the N- and C-termini may negatively regulate p115 function in cells. •N-p115 and •N-p115•C were tested for GEF activity and were found to possess the same levels of intrinsic GEF activities. Therefore, a C-terminal truncation may increase the transforming potential of p115 by more fully exposing its PH domain, allowing for a more efficient interaction of the PH domain with a specific ligand. Since full-length p115 has not been tested for GEF activity, it will not be possible discuss whether its inability to transform cells is due a lack of GEF activity or an unexposed, sterically hindered PH domain. Nevertheless, its lack of transforming potential suggests that important regulatory signals may be required in order for p115 to become a fully functional Rho-specific GEF in cells.

The increasing number of Dbl-like proteins, which contain a variety of structural motifs, suggests that there may be specific mechanisms to selectively regulate GEFs. Many of these motifs are involved in protein—protein interactions (44). For example, proto-Vav contains SH2 and SH3 domain (45); FGD1 (46), which is involved in Aarskog-Scott syndrome, has two potential SH3 binding sites, and ORFP (accession #D25304), which was cloned from a human immature myeloid cell line (KG1) cDNA library (17), has an SH3 domain. By coupling to other proteins, these motifs may provide a mechanism to focus the Rho-like GTPase to function in a particular cellular enviroment. Rho has been shown to participate in receptor tyrosine kinase pathways, as well as pathways, such as LPA and fMLP, which activate heterotrimeric G-proteins. Since p115 is expressed in many cultured cell lines, p115 may represent an ideal candidate to begin addressing the mechanisms which may regulate a Rho-type GEF. Considering the rather limited tissue distribution of Lbc (22), it is intriguing to speculate that p115 may mediate Rho-dependent effects in many cell types. Future studies will be aimed at determining the signalling pathways in which p115 participates, how p115 may be regulated and the proteins or lipids with which it may associate.

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Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can, using the preceding description, utilize the present invention to its fullest extent. The preceding preferred specific embodiments are, therefore, to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limitative of the remainder of the disclosure in any way whatsoever.

The entire disclosure of all patents and publications, cited above and in the figures are hereby incorporated by reference.

From the foregoing description, one skilled in the art can easily ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions.

TABLE 1 Comparisons of the abilities of p115 constructs, lbc and dbl to promote foci formation in NIH 3T3s. Average number of foci per Constructs* 10 cm plate** 1. p115(83-912) 0 2. ΔN-p115 9^(±)1 3. ΔN-p115ΔC 106^(±)5 4. ΔN-p115ΔPH 1^(±)1 5. ΔN-p115ΔDH 0 6. lbc 123^(±)4 7. dbl 318^(±)8 *The following amounts of plasmid DNA were used: 1) p115 (83-912), 5 μgs 2)  N-p115, 0.2 μgs 3)  N-p115  C, 0.2 μgs 4)  N-p115  PH, 0.5 μgs 5)  N-p115  DH, 2 μgs 6) lbc, 0.2 μgs 7) dbl, 0.1 μgs. **The number of foci shown represents the average of three inde-pendent experiments, which were performed in duplicate. Foci formation assays were performed as described in Qiu et al. (31).

12 1 3150 DNA Human p115 GEF-Rho gene CDS (55)..(2790) 1 gggcgccccg ccggtcactt ccgcgcggac accagccttg cagagcccag ggag atg 57 Met 1 gaa gac ttc gcc cga ggg gcg gcc tcc cca ggc ccc tcc cgg cct ggc 105 Glu Asp Phe Ala Arg Gly Ala Ala Ser Pro Gly Pro Ser Arg Pro Gly 5 10 15 ctg gtt ccc gtc agc atc atc ggg gct gag gat gag gat ttt gag aac 153 Leu Val Pro val Ser Ile Ile Gly Ala Glu Asp Glu Asp Phe Glu Asn 20 25 30 gag ctg gag aca aac tca gaa gag caa aac agc cag ttc cag agc ctg 201 Glu Leu Glu Thr Asn Ser Glu Glu Gln Asn Ser Gln Phe Gln Ser Leu 35 40 45 gag cag gtg aag cgg cgc cca gcc cac ctc atg gcc ctc ctg cag cac 249 Glu Gln Val Lys Arg Arg Pro Ala His Leu Met Ala Leu Leu Gln His 50 55 60 65 gtg gcc ctg cag ttt gag cca gga ccc ctg ctt tgc tgt ctg cat gcc 297 Val Ala Leu Gln Phe Glu Pro Gly Pro Leu Leu Cys Cys Leu His Ala 70 75 80 gac atg ctg ggc tca ctg ggc ccc aag gag gcc aag aag gcc ttc ctg 345 Asp Met Leu Gly Ser Leu Gly Pro Lys Glu Ala Lys Lys Ala Phe Leu 85 90 95 gac ttc tac cac agc ttc ctg gag aag aca gcg gtt ctc cgg gtg ccg 393 Asp Phe Tyr His Ser Phe Leu Glu Lys Thr Ala Val Leu Arg Val Pro 100 105 110 gtc cct ccc aac gtc gcc ttt gaa ctt gac cgc act agg gct gac ctc 441 Val Pro Pro Asn Val Ala Phe Glu Leu Asp Arg Thr Arg Ala Asp Leu 115 120 125 atc tcc gag gat gtc cag cgg cgg ttc gtg cag gag gtg gtg caa agc 489 Ile Ser Glu Asp Val Gln Arg Arg Phe Val Gln Glu Val Val Gln Ser 130 135 140 145 cag cag gta gcc gtg ggc cgg cag ctg gag gac ttc cgt tcc aag cgg 537 Gln Gln Val Ala Val Gly Arg Gln Leu Glu Asp Phe Arg Ser Lys Arg 150 155 160 ctc atg ggc atg acg ccc tgg gag cag gag ctg gcc cag ctg gag gct 585 Leu Met Gly Met Thr Pro Trp Glu Gln Glu Leu Ala Gln Leu Glu Ala 165 170 175 tgg gtt ggg cgg gac cga gcc agc tac gag gcc cgg gag cgg cac gtg 633 Trp Val Gly Arg Asp Arg Ala Ser Tyr Glu Ala Arg Glu Arg His Val 180 185 190 gcg gag cgg ctg ctc atg cac ctg gag gag atg caa cat acc atc tct 681 Ala Glu Arg Leu Leu Met His Leu Glu Glu Met Gln His Thr Ile Ser 195 200 205 acc gac gaa gaa aag agt gct gcc gtg gtc aac gcc att ggg ctg tac 729 Thr Asp Glu Glu Lys Ser Ala Ala Val Val Asn Ala Ile Gly Leu Tyr 210 215 220 225 atg cgc cac ctt ggg gtg cgg acc aag agt gga gac aag aag tcg ggg 777 Met Arg His Leu Gly Val Arg Thr Lys Ser Gly Asp Lys Lys Ser Gly 230 235 240 aag aac ttc ttc cgg aaa aag gtg atg ggg aac cgg cgg tcg gac gac 825 Arg Asn Phe Phe Arg Lys Lys Val Met Gly Asn Arg Arg Ser Asp Asp 245 250 255 cct ccc aag acc aag aag ggg ctg agc agc atc ctg gat gcc gcc cgc 873 Pro Pro Lys Thr Lys Lys Gly Leu Ser Ser Ile Leu Asp Ala Ala Arg 260 265 270 tgg aac cgg gga gag ccc cag gtt cca gat ttt cga cac ctc aaa gca 921 Trp Asn Arg Gly Glu Pro Gln Val Pro Asp Phe Arg His Leu Lys Ala 275 280 285 gag gtt gat gcc gag aag cca ggt gct aca gac cgg aag gga ggc gtg 969 Glu Val Asp Ala Glu Lys Pro Gly Ala Thr Asp Arg Lys Gly Gly Val 290 295 300 305 ggg atg ccc tct cgg gac cgg aat atc ggg gct cct ggg cag gac acc 1017 Gly Met Pro Ser Arg Asp Arg Asn Ile Gly Ala Pro Gly Gln Asp Thr 310 315 320 cct gga gtc tct ctg cac cct ctg tcc ctg gac agc cca gac cgg gaa 1065 Pro Gly Val Ser Leu His Pro Leu Ser Leu Asp Ser Pro Asp Arg Glu 325 330 335 cca ggt gct gac gcc ccc ctg gag ctg ggg gac tca tcc ccg cag ggc 1113 Pro Gly Ala Asp Ala Pro Leu Glu Leu Gly Asp Ser Ser Pro Gln Gly 340 345 350 cca atg agc ctg gag tcc ttg gcg ccc cca gag agt acc gac gag ggg 1161 Pro Met Ser Leu Glu Ser Leu Ala Pro Pro Glu Ser Thr Asp Glu Gly 355 360 365 gcc gaa acc gag agc ccc gag cct gga gat gag ggg gag ccg ggg cgg 1209 Ala Glu Thr Glu Ser Pro Glu Pro Gly Asp Glu Gly Glu Pro Gly Arg 370 375 380 385 tcg gga ctg gag ctt gaa cca gaa gag cct ccc ggc tgg cgg gaa ctc 1257 Ser Gly Leu Glu Leu Glu Pro Glu Glu Pro Pro Gly Trp Arg Glu Leu 390 395 400 gtc ccc cca gac acc ctg cac agc ctg ccc aag agc cag gtg aag cgg 1305 Val Pro Pro Asp Thr Leu His Ser Leu Pro Lys Ser Gln Val Lys Arg 405 410 415 cag gag gtc atc agc gag ctg ctg gtg aca gag gcg gcc cac gtg cgc 1353 Gln Glu Val Ile Ser Glu Leu Leu Val Thr Glu Ala Ala His Val Arg 420 425 430 atg ctg cgg gtg ctg cac gac ctc ttc ttc cag ccc atg gca gaa tgc 1401 Met Leu Arg Val Leu His Asp Leu Phe Phe Gln Pro Met Ala Glu Cys 435 440 445 ctg ttc ttc ccc ttg gag gag ctg cag aac atc ttc ccc agc ctg gac 1449 Leu Phe Phe Pro Leu Glu Glu Leu Gln Asn Ile Phe Pro Ser Leu Asp 450 455 460 465 gag ctc atc gag gtg cat tcc ctg ttc ctc gat cgc ctg atg aag cgg 1497 Glu Leu Ile Glu Val His Ser Leu Phe Leu Asp Arg Leu Met Lys Arg 470 475 480 agg cag gag agt ggc tac ctc atc gag gag atc gga gac gtg ctg ctg 1545 Arg Gln Glu Ser Gly Tyr Leu Ile Glu Glu Ile Gly Asp Val Leu Leu 485 490 495 gcc cgg ttt gat ggt gct gag ggc tcc tgg ttc cag aaa atc tcc tcc 1593 Ala Arg Phe Asp Gly Ala Glu Gly Ser Trp Phe Gln Lys Ile Ser Ser 500 505 510 cgc ttc tgc agc cgc cag tca ttt gcc tta gag cag ctc aaa gcc aag 1641 Arg Phe Cys Ser Arg Gln Ser Phe Ala Leu Glu Gln Leu Lys Ala Lys 515 520 525 caa cgc aag gac cct cgg ttc tgt gcc ttc gtg cag gaa gct gag agc 1689 Gln Arg Lys Asp Pro Arg Phe Cys Ala Phe Val Gln Glu Ala Glu Ser 530 535 540 545 cgc ccg cgg tgc cgc cgc ctg cag ctg aag gac atg atc ccc acg gag 1737 Arg Pro Arg Cys Arg Arg Leu Gln Leu Lys Asp Met Ile Pro Thr Glu 550 555 560 atg cag cgg ctg acc aag tac ccc ctg ctc ctg cag agc atc ggg cag 1785 Met Gln Arg Leu Thr Lys Tyr Pro Leu Leu Leu Gln Ser Ile Gly Gln 565 570 575 aac aca gaa gag ccc aca gaa cgg gag aaa gtg gag ctg gca gcc gag 1833 Asn Thr Glu Glu Pro Thr Glu Arg Glu Lys Val Glu Leu Ala Ala Glu 580 585 590 tgc tgc cgg gaa att cta cac cac gtc aac caa gcc gtg cgt gac atg 1881 Cys Cys Arg Glu Ile Leu His His Val Asn Gln Ala Val Arg Asp Met 595 600 605 gag gac ctg ctg agg ctc aag gac tat cag cgg cgc ctg gac ttg tcc 1929 Glu Asp Leu Leu Arg Leu Lys Asp Tyr Gln Arg Arg Leu Asp Leu Ser 610 615 620 625 cac ctt cgg cag agc agc gac cct atg ctg agc gag ttc aag aac ctg 1977 His Leu Arg Gln Ser Ser Asp Pro Met Leu Ser Glu Phe Lys Asn Leu 630 635 640 gac atc acc aag aag aaa ttg gtc cac gag ggc cca ctg acg tgg cgg 2025 Asp Ile Thr Lys Lys Lys Leu Val His Glu Gly Pro Leu Thr Trp Arg 645 650 655 gtg act aag gac aag gca gtg gag gtg cat gtg ctg ctg ctg gac gac 2073 Val Thr Lys Asp Lys Ala Val Glu Val His Val Leu Leu Leu Asp Asp 660 665 670 ctg ctg ctg ctg ctc cag cgc cag gac gag cgg ctg ctg ctc aag tcc 2121 Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Gln Arg Gln Asp Glu Arg Leu Leu Leu Lys Ser 675 680 685 cat agc cgg aca ctg acg ccc acg ccc gat ggc aag acc atg ctg cgg 2169 His Ser Arg Thr Leu Thr Pro Thr Pro Asp Gly Lys Thr Met Leu Arg 690 695 700 705 ccc gtg ctg cgg ctc acc tcc gcc atg acc cgc gag gtg gcc acc gat 2217 Pro Val Leu Arg Leu Thr Ser Ala Met Thr Arg Glu Val Ala Thr Asp 710 715 720 cac aaa gcc ttc tac gtc ctt ttt acc tgg gac cag gag gcc cag ata 2265 His Lys Ala Phe Tyr Val Leu Phe Thr Trp Asp Gln Glu Ala Gln Ile 725 730 735 tac gag ctg gtg gca cag act gtg tcg gag cgg aaa aac tgg tgt gct 2313 Tyr Glu Leu Val Ala Gln Thr Val Ser Glu Arg Lys Asn Trp Cys Ala 740 745 750 ctc atc act gag act gcc gga tcc ctg aaa gtc cct gcc cct gcc tct 2361 Leu Ile Thr Glu Thr Ala Gly Ser Leu Lys Val Pro Ala Pro Ala Ser 755 760 765 cgc cct aag ccc cgg ccc agg ccg agc agc acc cga gaa ccc ctc ctc 2409 Arg Pro Lys Pro Arg Pro Arg Pro Ser Ser Thr Arg Glu Pro Leu Leu 770 775 780 785 agc agc tct gag aac ggg aat ggt ggc cga gag acg tct cca gct gat 2457 Ser Ser Ser Glu Asn Gly Asn Gly Gly Arg Glu Thr Ser Pro Ala Asp 790 795 800 gcc cgg acc gag aga atc ctc agt gac ctc ctg ccc ttc tgc aga cca 2505 Ala Arg Thr Glu Arg Ile Leu Ser Asp Leu Leu Pro Phe Cys Arg Pro 805 810 815 ggc ccc gag ggc cag ctc gct gcc acg gcc ctt cgg aaa gtg ctg tcc 2553 Gly Pro Glu Gly Gln Leu Ala Ala Thr Ala Leu Arg Lys Val Leu Ser 820 825 830 ctg aag cag ctt ctg ttt ccg gcg gag gaa gac aat ggg gcg ggg cct 2601 Leu Lys Gln Leu Leu Phe Pro Ala Glu Glu Asp Asn Gly Ala Gly Pro 835 840 845 cct cga gat ggg gat ggg gtc cca ggg ggc ggg ccc ctg agc cca gca 2649 Pro Arg Asp Gly Asp Gly Val Pro Gly Gly Gly Pro Leu Ser Pro Ala 850 855 860 865 cgg acc cag gaa atc cag gag aac ctg ctc agc ttg gag gag acc atg 2697 Arg Thr Gln Glu Ile Gln Glu Asn Leu Leu Ser Leu Glu Glu Thr Met 870 875 880 aag cag ctg gag gag ttg gag gag gaa ttt tgc cgc ctg aga ccc ctc 2745 Lys Gln Leu Glu Glu Leu Glu Glu Glu Phe Cys Arg Leu Arg Pro Leu 885 890 895 ctg tct cag ctt ggg ggg aac tct gtc ccc cag cct ggc tgc act 2790 Leu Ser Gln Leu Gly Gly Asn Ser Val Pro Gln Pro Gly Cys Thr 900 905 910 tgaggttccc gcccaggaag gccttttgca agaaggagag gaatggggga gaggacgtga 2850 gggaccaccc ccacccacac agctgccgca gcatctcaca ccccgagggc ctgaggagag 2910 ggagctgtgg gccacgcctg ggaggggccc agctggggtt actgcccccg catgagcctc 2970 ggccatctct ccctcctgcc ctctgcttgg gggactcagg gctccattct ggagggcacc 3030 acggtgaccc gggccatctc agtattgctt gtgggggcca cccctccacc cccaccccca 3090 agtgccttcg ctctgttttt ataccctgaa ttggagggtt tattttttaa tatatattat 3150 2 912 PRT Human p115 GEF-Rho gene 2 Met Gly Asp Phe Ala Arg Gly Ala Ala Ser Pro Gly Pro Ser Arg Pro 1 5 10 15 Gly Leu Val Pro Val Ser Ile Ile Gly Ala Glu Asp Glu Asp Phe Glu 20 25 30 Asn Glu Leu Glu Thr Asn Ser Glu Glu Gln Asn Ser Gln Phe Gln Ser 35 40 45 Leu Glu Gln Val Lys Arg Arg Pro Ala His Leu Met Ala Leu Leu Gln 50 55 60 His Val Ala Leu Gln Phe Glu Pro Gly Pro Leu Leu Cys Cys Leu His 65 70 75 80 Ala Asp Met Leu Gly Ser Leu Gly Pro Lys Glu Ala Lys Lys Ala Phe 85 90 95 Leu Asp Phe Tyr His Ser Phe Leu Glu Lys Thr Ala Val Leu Arg Val 100 105 110 Pro Val Pro Pro Asn Val Ala Phe Glu Leu Asp Arg Thr Arg Ala Asp 115 120 125 Leu Ile Ser Glu Asp Val Gln Arg Arg Phe Val Gln Glu Val Val Gln 130 135 140 Ser Gln Gln Val Ala Val Gly Arg Gln Leu Glu Asp Phe Arg Ser Lys 145 150 155 160 Arg Leu Met Gly Met Thr Pro Trp Glu Gln Glu Leu Ala Gln Leu Glu 165 170 175 Ala Trp Val Gly Arg Asp Arg Ala Ser Tyr Glu Ala Arg Glu Arg His 180 185 190 Val Ala Glu Arg Leu Leu Met His Leu Glu Glu Met Gln His Thr Ile 195 200 205 Ser Thr Asp Glu Glu Lys Ser Ala Ala Val Val Asn Ala Ile Gly Leu 210 215 220 Tyr Met Arg His Leu Gly Val Arg Thr Lys Ser Gly Asp Lys Lys Ser 225 230 235 240 Gly Arg Asn Phe Phe Arg Lys Lys Val Met Gly Asn Arg Arg Ser Asp 245 250 255 Asp Pro Pro Lys Thr Lys Lys Gly Leu Ser Ser Ile Leu Asp Ala Ala 260 265 270 Arg Trp Asn Arg Gly Glu Pro Gln Val Pro Asp Phe Arg His Leu Lys 275 280 285 Ala Glu Val Asp Ala Glu Lys Pro Gly Ala Thr Asp Arg Lys Gly Gly 290 295 300 Val Gly Met Pro Ser Arg Asp Arg Asn Ile Gly Ala Pro Gly Gln Asp 305 310 315 320 Thr Pro Gly Val Ser Leu His Pro Leu Ser Leu Asp Ser Pro Asp Arg 325 330 335 Glu Pro Gly Ala Asp Ala Pro Leu Glu Leu Gly Asp Ser Ser Pro Gln 340 345 350 Gly Pro Met Ser Leu Glu Ser Leu Ala Pro Pro Glu Ser Thr Asp Glu 355 360 365 Gly Ala Glu Thr Glu Ser Pro Glu Pro Gly Asp Glu Gly Glu Pro Gly 370 375 380 Arg Ser Gly Leu Glu Leu Glu Pro Glu Glu Pro Pro Gly Trp Arg Glu 385 390 395 400 Leu Val Pro Pro Asp Thr Leu His Ser Leu Pro Lys Ser Gln Val Lys 405 410 415 Arg Gln Glu Val Ile Ser Glu Leu Leu Val Thr Glu Ala Ala His Val 420 425 430 Arg Met Leu Arg Val Leu His Asp Leu Phe Phe Gln Pro Met Ala Glu 435 440 445 Cys Leu Phe Phe Pro Leu Glu Glu Leu Gln Asn Ile Phe Pro Ser Leu 450 455 460 Asp Glu Leu Ile Glu Val His Ser Leu Phe Leu Asp Arg Leu Met Lys 465 470 475 480 Arg Arg Gln Glu Ser Gly Tyr Leu Ile Glu Glu Ile Gly Asp Val Leu 485 490 495 Leu Ala Arg Phe Asp Gly Ala Glu Gly Ser Trp Phe Gln Lys Ile Ser 500 505 510 Ser Arg Phe Cys Ser Arg Gln Ser Phe Ala Leu Glu Gln Leu Lys Ala 515 520 525 Lys Gln Arg Lys Asp Pro Arg Phe Cys Ala Phe Val Gln Glu Ala Glu 530 535 540 Ser Arg Pro Arg Cys Arg Arg Leu Gln Leu Lys Asp Met Ile Pro Thr 545 550 555 560 Glu Met Gln Arg Leu Thr Lys Tyr Pro Leu Leu Leu Gln Ser Ile Gly 565 570 575 Gln Asn Thr Glu Glu Pro Thr Glu Arg Glu Lys Val Glu Leu Ala Ala 580 585 590 Glu Cys Cys Arg Glu Ile Leu His His Val Asn Gln Ala Val Arg Asp 595 600 605 Met Glu Asp Leu Leu Arg Leu Lys Asp Tyr Gln Arg Arg Leu Asp Leu 610 615 620 Ser His Leu Arg Gln Ser Ser Asp Pro Met Leu Ser Glu Phe Lys Asn 625 630 635 640 Leu Asp Ile Thr Lys Lys Lys Leu Val His Glu Gly Pro Leu Thr Trp 645 650 655 Arg Val Thr Lys Asp Lys Ala Val Glu Val His Val Leu Leu Leu Asp 660 665 670 Asp Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Gln Arg Gln Asp Glu Arg Leu Leu Leu Lys 675 680 685 Ser His Ser Arg Thr Leu Thr Pro Thr Pro Asp Gly Lys Thr Met Leu 690 695 700 Arg Pro Val Leu Arg Leu Thr Ser Ala Met Thr Arg Glu Val Ala Thr 705 710 715 720 Asp His Lys Ala Phe Tyr Val Leu Phe Thr Trp Asp Gln Glu Ala Gln 725 730 735 Ile Tyr Glu Leu Val Ala Gln Thr Val Ser Glu Arg Lys Asn Trp Cys 740 745 750 Ala Leu Ile Thr Glu Thr Ala Gly Ser Leu Lys Val Pro Ala Pro Ala 755 760 765 Ser Arg Pro Lys Pro Arg Pro Arg Pro Ser Ser Thr Arg Glu Pro Leu 770 775 780 Leu Ser Ser Ser Glu Asn Gly Asn Gly Gly Arg Glu Thr Ser Pro Ala 785 790 795 800 Asp Ala Arg Thr Glu Arg Ile Leu Ser Asp Leu Leu Pro Phe Cys Arg 805 810 815 Pro Gly Pro Glu Gly Gln Leu Ala Ala Thr Ala Leu Arg Lys Val Leu 820 825 830 Ser Leu Lys Gln Leu Leu Phe Pro Ala Glu Glu Asp Asn Gly Ala Gly 835 840 845 Pro Pro Arg Asp Gly Asp Gly Val Pro Gly Gly Gly Pro Leu Ser Pro 850 855 860 Ala Arg Thr Gln Glu Ile Gln Glu Asn Leu Leu Ser Leu Glu Glu Thr 865 870 875 880 Met Lys Gln Leu Glu Glu Leu Glu Glu Glu Phe Cys Arg Leu Arg Pro 885 890 895 Leu Leu Ser Gln Leu Gly Gly Asn Ser Val Pro Gln Pro Gly Cys Thr 900 905 910 3 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide 3 gagtctctct gcaccctctg 20 4 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide 4 cacgtctccg atctcctcga 20 5 14 DNA Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide 5 ggaaccggcg gacg 14 6 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide 6 aagatgttct gcagctcctc 20 7 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide 7 gagtctctct gcaccctctg 20 8 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide 8 cacgtctccg atctcctcga 20 9 14 DNA Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide 9 ggaaccggcg gacg 14 10 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide 10 aagatgttct gcagctcctc 20 11 47 DNA Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide 11 cggcaggagg tgatctctga gctgctggtg acagaggctg cccatgt 47 12 16 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide 12 Arg Gln Glu Val Ile Ser Glu Leu Leu Val Thr Glu Ala Ala His Val 1 5 10 15 

What is claimed:
 1. An isolated p115 Rho-GEF polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ. ID No. 2, or a fragment thereof, wherein said fragment has a guanine nucleotide exchange (GEF) activity.
 2. An isolated p115 Rho-GEF, or a fragment thereof, of claim 1, wherein said polypeptide has a guanine nucleotide exchange activity, a specific binding affinity for a guanine nucleotide depleted Rho, or a cellular oncogenic transforming activity.
 3. An isolated p115 Rho-GEF, or a fragment thereof, of claim 1, which is substantially purified.
 4. An isolated p115 Rho-GEE polypeptide. comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes, or whose nucleic acid complement hybridizes, under stringent conditions to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID No: 1, wherein said conditions comprise 5×SSPE, 10× Denhardts solution, 100 ug/ml salmon sperm DNA, 50% formamide 2% SDS at 42° C., or a fragment thereof wherein said polypeptide or fragment has GEF activity.
 5. An isolated p115 Rho-GEF polypeptide that has GEF activity, comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes, or whose nucleic acid complement hybridizes, under stringent conditions to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID No: 1, wherein said conditions comprise 1×PAM, 0.1% SDS, 50% formamid at 42° C., or a fragment thereof wherein said polypeptide or fragment has GEF activity.
 6. A composition comprising said p115 Rho-GEF polypeptides, or fragments thereof, of claims 1, 4, or 5, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 